2D equivalent linear site effect simulation: example applications to two deep valleys     

Corinne Lacave  Pierre-Yves Bard  Marc Kham  Martin G. Koller 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2008,6(2):197-211

In the framework of the Sismovalp European project, an equivalent linear 2D code was developed to compute the response of a valley to SH waves, using the discrete wave-number method proposed by Aki and Larner (Aki K, Larner KL (1970) J Geophys Res 75:5). To overcome the frequency upper bound limitation, the Aki and Larner’s method is combined with a one-dimensional computation using a classical multi-layer method (Aki K, Richards PG (1980) Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods, vols. 1 & 2. W.H. Freeman & Co, San Francisco). The so-called “Aki–Larner extended method” is associated to an iterative algorithm, as proposed by Seed and Idriss (Seed HB, Idriss IM (1969) Report No. EERC 70–10, Earthquake Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California) which accounts for the modulus and damping degradation using a linear visco-elastic model. A comparison of the results in the linear and the equivalent linear cases, for a magnitude 6.0 earthquake, shows that the account for the equivalent linear behaviour of the soil significantly reduces the amplification level, especially at frequencies higher than the fundamental resonance frequency of the site. In the case of site effects or microzonation studies devoted to produce design spectra for engineering structures, this can have a major impact on the associated results and costs, depending on the frequency of interest for the considered structure. As a first application of the developed technique, 2D equivalent linear Aki–Larner computations are used to perform the seismic microzonation study of the upper Rhone valley, in the Visp area (Switzerland), a typical 2D alpine valley. These investigations made it possible to determine site specific spectra, associated with different zones, to be used instead of the code spectra that do not take into account the local 2D amplification.  相似文献   

多层等效源曲面磁异常转换方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李端  陈超  杜劲松  梁青 《地球物理学报》2018,61(7):3055-3073

在磁异常数据处理中，利用等效源技术重构磁异常场具有较好的稳定性和较高的计算精度，因而被广泛应用.传统方法是采用设置在近地表的单层等效源拟合实测磁异常数据，尽管拟合精度很高，但向上延拓之后往往会出现较大的拟合误差，即可能存在磁异常信号的"泄漏"，尤其在原始数据中存在背景场时更容易出现此种误差.本文提出一种多层等效源技术方案，应用分布于不同深度范围内的等效源模拟实测数据，减少了等效源参数设置的盲目性.理论模型试验表明，采用多层等效源方法重构的磁异常及其梯度与分量，较单层等效源方法具有更高精度，可以吸收更完整的实测磁异常信息.论文详细地讨论了如何优化多层等效源设置、等效源参数选择以及计算方法，通过二维和三维理论模型试验，验证了在复杂条件下多层等效源方法的可行性和适应性，并且将该方法应用于广西某地的实测磁异常数据转换之中，取得了较好的应用效果.  相似文献   

Effect of offshore troughs on the South India erratic summer monsoon rainfall in June 2017     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2021

The onset and advance of southwest monsoon are accompanied by the appearance of the offshore trough along the southwest coast of India. This offshore trough escorts a deluge of rainfall to the southwest coast, and sometimes rainfall band moves eastward further into south India. These broad observations were noticed during the summer monsoon of June 2017. Meteorological agencies and media had reported a huge amount of rainfall over the southwest coast of India during the month. But, in the far interior of south India, rainfall was less. Due to the less rainfall, water resources depleted, which affected local farmers and common man of south India. The confused views of the common man on southwest coast rainfall could be due to lack of understanding related to various factors affecting rainfall over the same region. This article is an endeavor to address the preliminary understanding of the southwest coast rainfall during June 2017, with more stress on offshore troughs. The study begins with area-averaged rainfall statistics over south, southwest, and southeast India by employing satellite and rain gauge merged rainfall datasets. Area averaged analysis revealed offshore trough contributed 80 % of rainfall over the South West India, 68 % over South East India, contributing to an overall 75 % over south India in 2017. To identify offshore trough position and strength in the reanalysis and model simulations, a new method called VSV (Vertical Shear of Vorticity) method was introduced. The computed offshore troughs were categorized into Active, Normal, and Feeble based on the strength of meridional gradient of mean sea level pressure and 850 hPa horizontal winds. The contribution due to each category of the offshore trough over different sub-regions was investigated to find out the effect of the offshore trough to total rainfall. Dynamic and thermodynamic features of these categories of the offshore trough were investigated by using proxies like equivalent potential temperature and moisture flux convergence. We found that during active offshore trough an eastward propagation of rain bands persists, which was explained by using moisture flux convergence and equivalent potential temperature at different levels of the atmosphere.  相似文献   

水平分层土层系统等效阻尼比的简化计算方法     

殷琳  楼梦麟  康帅 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(1):10-23

在实际工程场地中，很多土层可视为水平分层，各层土的物理和力学性质存在差异，其中包括土的振动阻尼比。本文讨论水平分层土层系统的等效阻尼比的近似计算方法，基于5个不同的加权函数推导了10种等效阻尼比的计算公式。通过2个算例，分别以等效阻尼比为参数计算水平分层土层的地震反应，并与准确解相比较，分析了不同等效阻尼比近似计算方法的计算精度。数值结果表明，若等效阻尼比计算方法选择不恰当，会导致土层地震反应的计算结果出现较大误差。针对2种不同类型的水平分层土层，建议采用基于三角形分布的加权函数来计算土层系统的等效阻尼比。  相似文献   

The Influence of Thrust Fault Structure on Cross-fault Short-leveling Survey     

YUE Chong  QU Chunyan  YAN Wei  ZHAO Jing  SU Qin 《中国地震研究》2019,33(3):489-502

Aiming at different variation patterns of cross-fault short-leveling before earthquakes, the paper establishes the 2-D finite-element models with different crustal stratification and fault occurrence perpendicular to Longmenshan fault zone. By contact analysis and viscoelastic finite element method, the influence of fault structure on cross-fault short-leveling is obtained under the same constraint conditions, the results show that:with the increase of the horizontal projection distance of fault, the cumulative displacements of surface increase gradually in the models with fixed dip angles of the fault plane (model 1). However, when the horizontal projection distance exceeds 20km, the influence of fault''s dip angle on the cumulative displacements of surface short-leveling will decrease significantly, and the cumulative displacements are maintained at about 1.5m. However, in the listric fault models (model 2),when the projection distance is less than 20km, the listric fault structure impedes the sliding of fault. The short-leveling variation rate is only half of model 1; as a result, the ability to reflect the regional stress enhancement by cross-fault short-leveling is further weakened. But when the horizontal projection distance exceeds 25km, the cumulative displacements significantly increase, with the maximum displacement reaching 1.75m. The results of equivalent stress show that the listric fault structure causes a sudden increasement in equivalent stress when the horizontal projection distance is 10km, higher equivalent stress values are accumulated between the projection distance of 5-20km, and then high-low stress difference zones are formed at the bottom of the fault plane and near the transition zone of low-high dip angle.  相似文献   

正则化等效层重力向下延拓方法          下载免费PDF全文

李晓杰  王真理 《地球物理学报》2018,61(7):3028-3036

近年来，利用时移微重力技术进行储层开发监测受到国内外学者广泛关注.时移微重力观测数据存在信噪比低，信号弱的问题，难以实现储层内物质运移的定量解释.为压制数据噪声，增强有效弱信号，本文研究了利用Tikhonov正则化方法反演等效层（源），并由等效源实现重力场向下延拓的方法；在此基础上，本文推导了波数域正则化等效源向下延拓算子.针对向下延拓场幅值衰减问题，提出了正则化等效源迭代补偿算法.通过模拟数据实验研究了不同深度正则化等效源滤波算子及向下延拓算子的波数响应；与波数域Tikhonov正则化向下延拓方法相比，正则化等效源向下延拓方法的延拓精度更高、更稳定.最后，将基于迭代补偿的正则化等效源向下延拓技术应用于实测时移微重力数据证实了该方法能够有效增强局部异常，实现时移微重力数据大深度稳定向下延拓.  相似文献   

利用电磁台站观测数据推算汶川M_S8.0地震等效电偶矩     

李美  王中平  卢军  谭捍东  张小涛 《地震》2018,38(1):49-60

本文利用地下电偶极子产生的电磁场模型, 尝试模拟和推算地震前地面电磁台站观测数据所需震源深度处等效电偶矩。 结果显示, 在观测频率为1 Hz, 地下平均电导率取7.0×10^-4 S/m 时, 2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前电磁异常高潮期, 距离震中1440 km 的高碑店台NS测向观测到1.3 mV/m的电场强度所需震源深度处等效电偶矩量级为10¹³A·m; 若考虑地震主破裂长度150 km, 则产生的地电流量级为10⁸ A。 同时, 这一等效电偶源在地面产生电场的2D分布图显示出很强的方向性(或不均匀性); 信号强度和电流源方向存在着密切的关系, 且电磁场值随观测距离增大而衰减迅速。 这部分地解释了地震相关电磁异常信号的方向性(或不均匀性)的观测事实; 如果观测点位于非强信号区, 即使在有效的探测范围内也可能记录不到异常信息, 这对地震监测台网仪器选址和布置提出了要求, 具有现实的指导意义。  相似文献   

平稳随机激励下随机结构非线性动力响应分析     

刘杨  孟焕陵 《地震工程与工程振动》2011,31(1):1-5

为了在结构强震灾变过程模拟中正确反映结构参数的随机性并准确界定结构失效模式,提出一种平稳随机激励下随机结构非线性动力响应分析的简化方法.首先运用点估计法将复合非线性随机系统转化为一系列平稳随机激励下的确定性非线性结构,然后再应用成熟的等效线性化方法计算出平稳随机激励下非线性结构动力响应的各阶矩.文末进行了算例分析与验证...  相似文献   

裂隙土等效连续介质的渗透张量及表征单元体积   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李锦辉  张利民  雷卫东 《地震工程学报》2011,33(Z1)

裂隙土的渗透特性是裂隙土边坡稳定性分析中重要的参数。文中通过分别考虑随机裂隙网络和土体本身的渗透性,推导裂隙土的渗透系数,并用张量的形式表示渗透系数的各向异性。同时建立了确定裂隙土表征单元体积的准则,为应用等效连续介质模型提供了基础。结果表明裂隙土的渗透系数大于裂隙网络和土体的渗透系数,其渗透方向取决于裂隙网络的渗透方向。算例中裂隙土的表征单元体积大约是裂隙长度平均值的5倍。  相似文献   

下击暴流的雷达预警量化指标研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

罗辉  张杰  朱克云  郑佳锋  范艺  高细桥 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2015,73(5):853-867

下击暴流是一种局地灾害性天气现象,对航空飞行安全有极大危害,也会对地面物体造成严重损害。依据下击暴流发生前母体雷暴(下文简称雷暴)反射率因子核迅速下降的特征,基于雷达体扫数据,定义了判断下击暴流发生、发展的“单位面积等效势能”概念,并结合下击暴流期间雷暴速度场中层辐合的事实,设计得到了下击暴流出流强度公式。结果表明:(1)单位面积等效势能值的变化准确反映了雷暴强中心高度变化。(2)相邻体扫的单位面积等效势能差,反映了雷暴能量的释放量,下击暴流发生前1—2个体扫的单位面积等效势能差达到最大,这反映了下击暴流的爆发;可通过设置单位面积等效势能的释放量为30%,预警下击暴流的发生。(3)单位面积等效势能的释放能够提前6—12 min预警出下击暴流的发生,并通过出流强度公式量化由下击暴流产生的地面大风值。预警风速的误差由雷暴距雷达的距离决定,距离越近风速误差越小,反之亦然。(4)对6次下击暴流预警结果表明,该指标能够准确预警下击暴流的发生,而出流强度受雷暴识别参数的影响较大,远距离误差较大。  相似文献